@inproceedings{wadia00a,
  author = {Y. Wadia and H. Xie and M. Kajitani and S. A. Prahl},
  title = {Liver Repair and Hemorrhage Control Using Laser Soldering of Liquid Albumin in a Porcine Model},
  booktitle = {SPIE Proceedings of Lasers in Surgery},
  editor = {R. Rox Anderson and others},
  pages = {74--81},
  volume = {3907},
  year = {2000},
  abstract = {The purpose of this study was to evaluate laser soldering using liquid albumin for welding liver lacerations and sealing raw surfaces created by segmental resection of a lobe. Major liver trauma has a high mortality due to immediate exsanguination and a delayed morbidity and mortality from septicemia, peritonitis, biliary fistulae and delayed secondary hemorrhage. Eight laceration injuries (6$\times$2\,cm deep) and eight non-anatomical resection injuries (raw surface 6$\times$2\,cm) were repaired. An 805\,nm laser was used to weld 53\% liquid albumin-ICG solder to the liver surface, reinforcing it with a free autologous omental scaffold. The animals were heparinized to simulate coagulation failure and hepatic inflow occlusion was used for vascular control. For both laceration and resection injuries, eight soldering repairs each were evaluated at three hours. A single suture repair of each type was evaluated at three hours. All 16 laser mediated liver repairs were accompanied by minimal blood loss as compared to the suture controls. No dehiscence, hemorrhage or bile leakage was seen in any of the laser repairs after three hours. In conclusion laser fusion repair of the liver is a quick and reliable technique to gain hemostasis on the cut surface as well as weld lacerations.},
}