@inproceedings{prahl91b,
  author = {S. A. Prahl and N. {van Wieringen} and M. J. C. {van Gemert} and A. J. Welch},
  title = {Iterated Adding-Doubling to Determine Optical Properties},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Optical Society of America},
  address = {San Jose},
  year = {1991 abstract only},
  abstract = {A method is described for finding the optical properties (scattering, absorption, and scattering anisotropy) of a slab of turbid material using reflection and transmission measurements. Previously, it has been difficult or impossible to quantify a method's intrinsic error due to restrictions on the boundary conditions, the scattering anisotropy, the ratio of scattering to absorption, or the thickness of the slab. By eliminating these constraints, the inverse adding-doubling method is applicable to turbid media with any optical thickness, albedo, or phase function and its intrinsic error may be quantified. \vskip2mm The method assumes normal irradiance of a homogeneous turbid slab. The slab may have anisotropic scattering and a different index of refraction from its surroundings. The slab may or may not be bounded by glass. The optical properties are obtained by iterating an adding-doubling solution of the radiative transport equation until the calculated values of the reflection and transmission match the measured ones. Exhaustive numerical tests show that the intrinsic error of the derived optical properties is less than 1\% when the reflection and transmission values are greater than 5\%. Experimental work with Intralipid-10\% phantoms supports these bounds.},
}