@article{kumar96a,
  author = {K. S. Kumar and S. A. Prahl},
  title = {Dye-Enhanced Laser Tissue Welding: Reflectance Studies},
  journal = {Proceedings of the Oregon Academy of Science},
  volume = {32},
  pages = {},
  year = {1996 abstract only},
  abstract = {Laser Tissue welding is a method of joining tissues thermally instead of mechanically by sutures etc. It's advantages being faster, less traumatic and easier to apply. Indocyanine Green, a photosentive dye is applied at the weld site to enhance light absorption and minimize damage to the surrounding tissue. Because ICG is used for tissue welding it is important to understand how it binds to tissue and changes with exposure to light. Porcine aorta with ICG dye applied on the intimal surface was exposed to light from an 808\,nm pulsed diode laser with radiant exposures of 3.9 and 2\,J/cm$^2$ and a pulse length of 5\,ms was used. ICG concentration was varied from 1--5\,mg/mL. After each pulse a spectrum of diffusedly reflected light was taken. Bleaching of the dye due to exposure to the laser shows up as a change in color from initial green to orange and marks the end/decrease ICG content on the surface of the tissue. ICG binds to tissue very well at high cocentrations and the visual chang ein color fron green to orange is manifested by the shift in reflectance peak. Reflectance at 808\,nm increases with successive pulses.},
}