@article{denison00a,
  author = {Timothy D. Denison and Elaine N. La Joie and Scott A. Prahl},
  title = {Optimizing Parameters Associated with Laser Tissue Soldering},
  journal = {Proceedings of the Oregon Academy of Science},
  volume = {36},
  pages = {52},
  year = {2000 abstract only},
  abstract = {Laser tissue soldering of solid organs such as liver, spleen, and kidney has significant advantages over conventional suture repair methods. Laser tissue soldering uses a viscous albumin solder doped with indocyanine green to absorb 800\,nm laser light. Light absorption heats the albumin and solders the tissues together. The various parameters involved in the laser soldering procedure, such as albumin solder concentration, absorption coefficient of the solder, laser spot size, laser pulse energy, and number of pulses, were varied in a study of more that 300 aorta welds of 2x1\,cm pieces of aorta. The yield strength of these welds was measured using a Chatillon materials tester. The tissue was welded using 9 spots of 3\.mm and 4\,mm diameters, with 100\,ms radiant exposures varying from 1.8\,J/cm$^2$ to 3.85\,J/cm$^2$, and with 2--24 laser pulses. Optimal solder albumin concentration was between 52\% and 55\%, while optimal dye concentration was 0.094\,mg/ml. The strongest welds occurred at low energies and large number of pulses for both spot sizes.},
}