@inproceedings{chen04c,
  author = {Yin-Chu Chen and Scott A. Prahl},
  title = {Quantum Yield of Conversion of the Dental Photoinitiator Camphorquinone},
  booktitle = {SPIE Saratov Fall Meeting 2004: Optical Technologies in Biophysics \& Medicine VI},
  year = {2005},
  editor = {V. V. Tuchin},
  pages = {256-266},
  volume = {5771},
  abstract = {The primary absorber in dental resins is the photoinitiator, which start the photo polymerization process. We studied the quantum yield of conversion of camphorquinone (CQ), a blue light photoinitiator, using 3M FreeLight LED lamp as the light curing unit. The molar extinction coefficient, $\varepsilon_{469}$ of CQ was measured to be 46$\pm$2\,cm$^{-1}$/(mol/L) at 469\,nm. The absorption coefficient change to the radiant exposure was measured at three different irradiances. The relationship between the CQ absorption coefficient and curing lamp radiant exposure was the same for different irradiances and fit an exponential function: $\mu_{a469}(H) = \mu_{a0}\exp(-H/H_{\mathrm{threshold}})$, where $\mu_{a0}$ is 4.46$\pm$0.05\,cm$^{-1}$, and $H_{\mathrm{threshold}}=43\pm4$\,J/cm$^2$. Combining this exponential relationship with CQ molar extinction coefficient and the absorbed photon energy (i.e., the product of the radiant exposure with the absorption coefficient), we plotted CQ concentration [number of molecules/cm$^3$] as a function of the accumulated absorbed photons per volume. The slope of the relationship is the quantum yield of the CQ conversion. Therefore, in our formulation (0.7 w\% CQ with reducing agents 0.35 w\% DMAEMA and 0.05 w\% BHT) the quantum yield was solved to be 0.07$\pm$0.01 CQ conversion per absorbed photon.},
}