@inproceedings{chan88,
  author = {J. C. Chan and J. W. Valvano and J. A. Pearce and L. J. Hayes and S. A. Prahl},
  title = {Thermal Camera Imaging to Measure Perfusion from the Tissue Surface},
  booktitle = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
  institution = {World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering},
  editor = {J. W. Clark and P. I. Horner and A. R. Smith and K. Strum},
  address = {San Antonio, TX},
  pages = {408},
  volume = {33},
  year = {1988 abstract only},
  abstract = {A thermal washout technique is being developed which measures perfusion form the tissue surface. This perfusion measurement is similar to other indicator washout techniques. The basic approach is to apply a heat source to the surface of a tissue for exactly 60 seconds. The heat source is then removed and the temperature recovery is monitored with a calibrated thermal camera. Blood flow significantly affects local heat transfer making this technique quite sensitive. Highly perfused tissue will absorb more heat and, hence will have a smaller temperature increase and a faster recovery back to baseline. \vskip2mm The finite element numerical method is used to model the heat transfer problem with realistic geometries and boundary conditions. The relationship between the actual perfusion and the measured temperature response is determined using both analytical and numerical techniques. It is important that the boundary and initial conditions be carefully controlled and monitored during both the warming and cooling phases. \textit{In vivo} experiments with alcohol fixed canine kidneys demonstrate the feasibility of the technique. The disturbing factors include: uncertainty of the temperature measurement, uncertainty of the time measurement, baseline temperature gradients, and perfusion gradients.},
}