@Article{aly93, author = "K. M. Aly and E. Esmail", title = "Refractive index of salt water: effect of temperature.", journal = "Opt. Mater.", year = "1993", volume = "2", pages = "195--199", abstract = "Fraunhofer's method used to measure the refractive index of liquids has been modified. The modification includes an electric circuit containing a sensitive photodiode in order to measure accurately the deviation angle of a HeNe laser beam. The refractive index of pure water and four different concentrations of NaCl solution is measured at temperature range 5--90$^\circ$C. Four mathematical equations relating the refractive index to the temperature and concentration are obtained using the least squares method. The effect of temperature and concentration on refractive index are explained using Lorentz-Lorenz formula.", } @TechReport{austin76, author = "R. Austin and G. Halikas", title = "The index of refraction of seawater", volume = "76-1", institution = "Univ. Calif. SIO", address = "La Jolla, California", year = "1976", } @Article{baker82, author = "K. Baker and R. C. Smith", title = "Bio-optical classification and model of natural waters", journal = "Limnol. Oceanogr.", volume = "27", pages = "500--509", year = "1982", } @Article{becquerel29, author = "J. Becquerel and J. Rossignol", journal = "Int. Crit. Tab.", year = "1929", volume = "5", pages = "268", } @Article{boivan86, author = {L. P. Boivan and W. F. Davidson and R. S. Storey and D. Sinclair and E. D. Earle}, title = "Determination of the attenuation coefficients of visible and ultraviolet radiation in heavy water", journal = "Appl. Opt.", volume = "25", pages = "877--882", year = "1986", } @Article{bricaud95, author = "A. Bricaud and M. Babin and A. Morel and H. Claustre", title = "Variability in the chlorophyll-specific absorption coefficients of natural phytoplankton: analysis and parameterization", journal = "Journal of Geophysical Research", volume = "100", pages = "13321-13332", year = "1995", } @InProceedings{buiteveld94, author = "H. Buiteveld and J. M. H. Hakvoort and M. Donze", title = "The optical properties of pure water", booktitle = "SPIE Proceedings on Ocean Optics XII", editor = "J. S. Jaffe", volume = "2258", pages = "174--183", year = "1994", abstract = "The optical properties of pure water are basic input data for many geophysical investigations such as remote sensing of surface water and underwater radiative transfer calculations. Knowledge of the spectral properties of components in surface water is required for accurate interpretation of measured reflection and attenuation spectra in terms of their concentrations. Also the sources and sizes of errors in the basic data must be known. Absorption measurements were done with a submersible absorption meter in the temperature range 2.5 till 40.5$^\circ$C. The scattering of pure water is recalculated using the Einstein-Smoluchowski equation. The input for this equation is evaluated and the temperature dependency is included. New values for the absorption coefficient are given based on these results and analysis of data from the literature. Absorption in the wavelength range 300--550\,nm is lower than presently used values. In the wavelength range about 700\,nm the spectrum has a different shape. A formulation of the effect of temperature on the absorption spectrum is given.", } @Book{dorsey40, author = "N. E. Dorsey", title = "Properties of the Ordinary Water Substance in all Its Phases", publisher = "Reinhold", address = "New York", year = "1940", } @Article{fry92, author = "E. S. Fry and G. W. Kattawar and R. M. Pope", title = "Integrating cavity absorption meter.", journal = "Appl. Opt.", year = "1992", volume = "31", pages = "2055--2065", abstract = "Scattering effects have always been an important systematic problem in absorption measurements. A new integrating cavity absorption meter has been developed that, in principle, is rigorously independent of scattering effects. The theoretical basis for this integrating cavity device is developed and applied to a generic experimental device: a one-dimensional model is described that demonstrates qualitatively the observed deviations from ideal; details of an actual device are provided; and experimental results for the absorption coefficient of aqueous solutions with various absorptions and with various concentrations of scatterers are presented.", } @Article{hale73, author = "G. M. Hale and M. R. Querry", title = "Optical constants of water in the 200\,nm to 200\,$\mu$m wavelength region.", journal = "Appl. Opt.", year = "1973", volume = "12", pages = "555--563", abstract = "Extinction coefficients $k(\lambda)$ for water at 25$^\circ$C were determined through a broad spectral region by manually smoothing a point by point graph of $k(\lambda)$ vs wavelength $\lambda$ that was plotted for data obtained from a review of the scientific literature on the optical constant of water. Absorption bands representing $k(\lambda)$ were postulated where data were not available in the vacuum uv and soft x-ray regions. A subtractive Kramers-Kronig analysis of the combined postulated and smoothed portions of the $k(\lambda)$ spectrum provided the index of refraction $n(\lambda)$ for the spectral region 200\,nm$\le\lambda\le200\,\mu$m.", } @Article{irvine68, author = "W. M. Irvine and J. B. Pollack", title = "Infrared optical properties of water and ice spheres", journal = "Icarus", volume = "8", pages = "324--360", year = "1968", } @Article{kopelevich76, author = "O. V. Kopelevich", title = "Optical properties of pure water in the 250--600\,nm range", journal = "Opt. Spectrosc.", volume = "41", pages = "391--392", year = "1976", } @PhdThesis{kou93a, author = "L. Kou", title = "Refractive indices of water and ice in the 0.65--2.5\,$\mu$m spectral range.", year = "1993", school = "Dalhousie University (Canada)", abstract = "New accurate values of the imaginary part, $k$, of the refractive index of water at $T = 22^\circ$C, supercooled water at $T =-8^\circ$C and polycrystalline ice at $T = -25^\circ$C are presented graphically and in tabular form. The new $k$ values were obtained from transmission spectra in the 0.65-2.5\,$\mu$m (14000--4000\,cm$^{-1}$) range of a series of samples varying in thickness from 100\,$\mu$m to 20\,cm. The $k$ spectrum for water in the spectral region 0.65--2.5$/mu$m is found to be in excellent agreement with previous studies. The $k$ values for polycrystalline ice in the 1.44--2.50\,$\mu$m region eliminate the large uncertainties existing between previously published conflicting sets of data. The imaginary part of refractive index of supercooled water shows a systematic shift of absorption peaks towards the longer wavelengths when compared to that of water at warmer temperatures.", } @Article{kou93b, author = "L. Kou and D. Labrie and P. Chylek", title = "Refractive indices of water and ice in the 0.65--2.5\,$\mu$m spectral range.", journal = "Appl. Opt.", year = "1993", volume = "32", pages = "3531--3540", abstract = "New accurate values of the imaginary part, $k$, of the refractive index of water at $T=22^\circ$C supercooled water at $T=-8^\circ$C and polycrystalline ice at $T=-25^\circ$C are reported. The $k$ spectrum for water in the spectral region 0.65-2.5\,$\mu$m is found to be in excellent agreement with those of previous studies. The $k$ values for polycrystalline ice in the 1.44--2.50\,$\mu$m region eliminate the large uncertainties existing among previously published conflicting sets of data. The imaginary part of refractive index of supercooled water shows a systematic shift of absorption peaks toward the longer wavelengths compared with that of water at warmer temperatures.", } @Article{morel77, author = "A. Morel and L. Prieur", title = "Analysis of variations in ocean color", journal = "Limnol. Oceanogr.", volume = "22", pages = "709--722", year = "1977", } @Article{palmer74, author = "K. F. Palmer and D. Williams", title = "Optical properties of water in the near infrared", journal = "J. Opt. Soc. Am.", volume = "64", pages = "1107--1110", year = "1974", } @Article{perovich91, author = "D. Perovich and J. Govoni", title = "Absorption Coefficients of Ice from 250 to 400\,nm", journal = "Geophys. Res. Lett.", volume = "18", pages = "1233-1235", year = "1991", } @PhdThesis{pope93, author = "R. M. Pope", title = "Optical absorption of pure water and sea water using the integrating cavity absorption meter.", year = "1993", school = "Texas A\&M University", abstract = "The Integrating Cavity Absorption Meter (ICAM), has been refined to enhance stability, sensitivity, and operational wavelength regions. The ICAM is, in principal, independent of scattering effects in the sample. The ICAM produces an effective path length which is on the order of several meters, consequently, the instrument is sensitive to small absorptions. Measurement results have resolved absorption coefficients as low as 0.004\,m$^{-1}$. We present definitive results for the absorption spectra of pure water between 380 and 750\,nm. The ICAM was field tested on board the USNS Bartlett during the GOMEX-1 cruise in the Gulf of Mexico during April of 1993. Water samples were collected with Niskin bottles and the total absorption spectra of the seawater was measured. Particulates were removed from the seawater samples by filtration and the filtrate absorption spectra were measured. Subtracting the filtrate absorption from the total seawater absorption yields the absorption spectra for the particulate matter. Subtracting the absorption spectra of pure water from the filtrate absorption results in the absorption spectra for the dissolved organic matter.", } @Article{pope97, author = "R. M. Pope and E. S. Fry", title = "Absorption spectrum (380--700\,nm) of pure water. {II.} Integrating cavity measurements", journal = "Appl. Opt.", year = "1997", volume = "36", pages = "8710--8723", abstract = "Definitive data on the absorption spectrum of pure water from 380 to 700\,nm have been obtained with an integrating cavity technique. The results are in good agreement with those recently obtained by our group with a completely independent photothermal technique. As before, we find that the absorption in the blue is significantly lower than had previously been generally believed and that the absorption minimum is at a significantly shorter wavelength, i.e., 0.0044$\pm$0.0006\,m$^{-1}$ at 418\,nm. Several spectroscopic features have been identified in the visible spectrum to our knowledge for the first time.", } @Article{prieur81, author = "L. Prieur and S. Sathyendranath", title = "An optical classification of coastal and oceanic waters based on the specific spectral absorption curves of phytoplankton pigments dissolved organic matter, and other particulate materials", journal = "Limnol. Oceanogr.", volume = "26", pages = "671--689", year = "1981", } @Article{querry78, author = "M. R. Querry and P. G. Cary and R. C. Waring", title = "Split-pulse laser method for measuring attenuation coefficients of transparent liquids: application to deionized filtered water in the visible region", journal = "Appl. Opt.", volume = "17", pages = "3587--3592", year = "1978", } @inCollection{querry91, author = "M. R. Querry and D. M. Wieliczka and D. J. Segelstein", title = "Water ({H}$_2${O})", booktitle = "Handbook of Optical Constants of Solids II", publisher = "Academic Press", pages = "1059--1077", year = "1991", abstract = "One could easily prepare a list of several hundred primary references to the scientific literature on spectral measurements of the optical properties of water and compilations of water's refractive index and absorption coefficient. In this critique, however, we only highlight such activities during the past century. Readers interested in more detail should consult bibliographies in the references cited here. To those who contributed to the scientific literature on the optical properties of water and are not explicitly acknowledged here, we apologize. We conclude the critique with two of our previously unpublished compilations of $n$ and $k$ for water.", } @Article{quickenden80, author = "T. I. Quickenden and J. A. Irvin", title = "The ultraviolet absorption spectrum of liquid water", journal = "J. Chem Phys.", volume = "72", pages = "4416--4428", year = "1980", } @Article{schiebener90, author = "P. Schiebener and J. Straub and J. M. H. L. Sengers and J. S. Gallagher", title = "Refractive index of water and steam as function of wavelength, temperature and density", journal = "J. Phys. Ch. R.", year = "1990", volume = "19", pages = "677--717", } @MSThesis{segelstein81, author = "D. J. Segelstein", title = "The complex refractive index of water.", year = "1981", school = "University of Missouri-Kansas City", } @Book{shifrin88, author = "K. S. Shifrin", title = "Physical Optics of Ocean Water", publisher = "American Institute of Physics", address = "New York", year = "1988", } @Article{smith81, author = "R. C. Smith and K. S. Baker", title = "Optical properties of the clearest natural waters (200--800\,nm).", journal = "Appl. Opt.", year = "1981", volume = "20", pages = "177--184", abstract = "A new UV submersible spectroradiometer has been employed to determine the diffuse attenuation coefficient for irradiance in the clearest natural waters $K_w(\lambda)$ with emphasis on the spectral region from 300 to 400\,nm. $K_w(\lambda)$ can be related to the inherent optical properties of pure water in particular the total absorption coefficient $a_w(\lambda)$ and the molecular scattering coefficient $b_m(\lambda)$, by means of equations derived from radiative transfer theory. The authors present an analysis showing that limiting values of $K_w(\lambda)$ can be estimated from $a_w(\lambda)$ and vice versa. Published $a_w(\lambda)$ dat, which show discrepancies much larger than their estimated accuracies, are briefly reviewed and then compared, via the authors' analysis, with $K_w(\lambda)$ data the authors' own new and previously published data as well as relevant data of others). This comparative analysis and new data allow a consistent and accurate set of optical properties for the clearest natural waters and for pure fresh water and saltwater to be estimated from 300 to 800\,nm.", } @PhdThesis{sogandares91, author = "F. M. Sogandares", title = "The spectral absorption of pure water", school = "Texas A\&M University", month = aug, year = "1991", abstract = "Photothermal Spectroscopy (PTS) has been used to measure the spectral absorption of pure water from 340--640\,nm. Rayleigh, Brillouin and Raman scattering effects can cause significant errors if the absorption is measured transmissively. Past absorption studies have used transmissive techniques, corrected for these scattering effects. This study differs front transmissive studies in that PTS is inherently insensitive to scattering effects. ", } @Article{sogandares97, author = "F. M. Sogandares and E. S. Fry", title = "Absorption spectrum (340--640\,nm) of pure water. {I.} {P}hotothermal Measurements", journal = "Appl. Opt.", year = "1997", volume = "36", pages = "8699--8709", abstract = "We measured the absorption spectrum (340--640\,nm) of the purest water available with photothermal deflection spectroscopy. Our spectrum exhibits an absorption minimum in the blue region of the specturm that is deeper than in most previously documented pure-water absorption studies. We attribute this to exceptional sample purity and our techniques's inherent freedom from scattering effects. Because the absorption minimum is significantly lower, our spectrum displays high-order molecular resonance structure not observed in any previous absorption studies to our knowledge. We find the minimum in the absorption specturm of pure water is 0.0062$\pm$0.0006\,m$^{-1}$ at 420\,nm and 25$^\circ$C. } @Article{sullivan63, author = "S. A. Sullivan", title = "Experimental study of the absorption in distilled water, artificial sea water, and heavy water in the visible region of the spectrum", journal = "Opt. Soc. Am. J.", volume = "53", pages = "962--968", year = "1963", } @Article{tam79, author = "A. C. Tam and C. K. N. Patel", title = "Optical absorption of light and heavy water by laser optoacoustic spectroscopy", journal = "Appl. Opt.", volume = "18", pages = "3348--3358", year = "1979", } @Article{warren84, author = "S. G. Warren", title = "Optical constants of ice from the ultraviolet to the microwave", journal = "Appl. Opt.", volume = "23", pages = "1026--1225", year = "1984", } @Article{wieliczka89, author = "D. M. Wieliczka and Shengshan Weng and M. R. Querry", title = "Wedge shaped cell for highly absorbent liquids: infrared optical constants of water.", journal = "Appl. Opt.", year = "1989", volume = "28", pages = "1714--1719", abstract = "The authors designed an improved wedge shaped cell for measuring Lambert absorption coefficient spectra $\alpha(\nu)$ of highly absorbent liquids. The design allows for accurate determination of the apex angle of the wedge, sealing the cell, and injection of the liquid without disassembling the cell. They measured $\alpha(\nu)$ for water through the 500--12500cm$^{-1}$ wavenumber region to determine the range of $\alpha(\nu)$ for which the cell provided accurate measurements. They then determined the imaginary part of the complex refractive index $N(\nu)=n(\nu)+ik(\nu)$ from $\alpha(\nu)$ and used Kramers-Kronig methods to compute $n(\nu)$ from $k(\nu)$.", } @Article{xiaohong95, author = "Xiaohong Quan and E. S. Fry", title = "Empirical equation for the index of refraction of seawater.", journal = "Appl. Opt.", year = "1995", volume = "34", pages = "3477--3480", abstract = "The authors have determined an empirical equation for the index of refraction of water as a function of temperature, salinity, and wavelength at atmospheric pressure. The experimental data selected by Austin and Halikas (1976) were fitted to power series in the variables. A ten-parameter empirical equation that reproduces the original data to within its experimental errors was obtained.", } @Article{zelsmann95, author = "H. R. Zelsmann", title = "Temperature dependence of the optical constants for liquid {H}$_2${O} and {D}$_2${O} in the far {IR} region.", journal = "J. Mol. Struct.", year = "1995", volume = "350", pages = "95--114", abstract = "Calibrated thin films of ordinary and heavy liquid water have been measured over the temperature range $-$5.6--81.4$^\circ$C in the spectral region extending from 25 to 450\,cm$^{-1}$ by classical absorption techniques with an FTIR interferometer. From these experimental spectr, the optical constants $n$ and $k$ were calculated by iteration using the Kramers-Kronig transformation which has been especially adapted to the problem of fringe correction for a flat absorbing sample in contact with highly refractive silicon substrates. As the principal result, we show that this method yields new quantitative data for the optical constants $n$ and $k$ of liquid H$_2$O and D$_2$O in the cited spectral region and temperature range. A comparison with earlier data for H$_2$O at 19$^\circ$C, measured by dispersive FT spectrometry, shows very good agreement. Further results are given concerning the parameters of the FIR bands, namely the evolution of band positions and band widths with temperature. Analysis of the shape of the librational band led us to suppose the existence of a second IR active component of this band which has hitherto only been reported in Raman and inelastic neutron scattering (INS) spectra. Finally, we confirm the different relaxation behavior of H$_2$O and D$_2$O in the high temperature range found in a recent Raman study.", } @Article{zolotarev69, author = "V. M. Zolotarev and B. A. Mikhilov and L. L. Alperovich and S. I. Popov", title = "Dispersion and absorption of liquid water in the infrared and radio regions of the spectrum", journal = "Optics and Spectroscopy", year = "1969", volume = "27", pages = "430--432", abstract = "The optical constants of liquid water in a broad spectral region (1-10$^6$\,$\mu$m) were determined by using four independent methods: transmission, reflection, DTIR, and Kramers-Kronig.", }