@article{sathyam95c,
  author = {U. S. Sathyam and A. Shearin and S. A. Prahl},
  title = {Effect of Bubble Dynamics on Ablation Efficiency During Microsecond Laser Ablation of Gelatin Under Water},
  journal = {Proceedings of the Oregon Academy of Science},
  volume = {31},
  pages = {52},
  year = {1995 abstract only},
  abstract = {During pulsed laser ablation of a blood clot in an artery, rapidly expanding and collapsing vapor bubbles are produced. To understand the effects the bubble sizes and lifetimes on mass removal, a gelatin-based clot model was ablated under water. A 3\,mm diameter plastic tube was used to simulate the artery. Microsecond laser pulses (504\,nm) of 25--100\,mJ were delivered under water using 300, 600, and 1000\,$\mu$m quartz fibers with an effective radiant exposure range of 10--500\,mJ/mm$^2$. A spectrophotometric method was used to measure the mass of the ablated material. Flash photography was used to visualize the ablation process. The experiments were repeated in 1\,cm cuvettes to eliminate the confining effects of the tube boundaries. Bubble sizes and lifetimes were measured in both the tubes and the cuvettes. Bubble energies were calculated based on maximum bubble sizes and lifetimes. Bubbles of 2--4\,mm maximum diameter were formed and collapsed 200--500\,$\mu$s after the laser pulse. Bubbles formed in tubes were smaller and shorter lived than those in cuvettes at similar energies. However there was no difference in the mass removed in the tubes and cuvettes at similar energies delivered through a single fiber. There were no significant differences in bubble sizes and lifetimes at similar energies delivered through the three fibers, but more gelatin was ablated with a larger fiber. In all cases, 2--3\% of the pulse energy went into formation of the vapor bubble.},
}