@article{sathyam94b,
  author = {U. S. Sathyam and A. Shearin and S. A. Prahl},
  title = {Bubble Dynamics During 2\,$\mu$s Pulsed-Dye Laser Ablation Under Water},
  journal = {Lasers Surg. Med.},
  volume = {S6},
  pages = {5--6},
  year = {1994 abstract only},
  abstract = {Flash photography was used to study the effects of absorption coefficient and fiber configurations on the bubble dynamics during pulsed-dye laser ablation of a thrombus model. The thrombus was modeled by unbounded 3.5\% gelatin (Sigma, 175 Bloom) targets containing an absorbing dye (direct red, Sigma) submerged in water. Laser pulses (486\,nm, 2\,$\mu$s) of 100\,mJ energy were delivered with solid and fluid core fibers. The laser induced bubbles were photographed from 10\,$\mu$s to 1ms after the laser pulse using a 1\,$\mu$s flash strobe. Bubble dimensions were measured as a function of time for different absorption coefficients and fiber configurations. \vskip2mm Each bubble was a single event and quite reproducible. Bubbles collapsed 400\,$\mu$s to 700\,$\mu$s after the laser pulse. The collapse time was much shorter than the growth time. When the fiber face was 1\,mm from the target material, removal began at about 50\,$\mu$s after the bubble had completely collapsed. Bubble wall velocities of the order of 40\,m/s were recorded at collapse. Maximum bubble sizes and lifetimes were observed at an absorption coefficient of 300/cm. At a fiber-target distance of 2\,mm, larger bubbles with longer lifetimes were produced. Bubbles created using a fluid core catheter were smaller than those produced with a solid core catheter.},
}